This is a adviser for bodies who use Microsoft Chat to abode affidavit in linguistics. It includes some altercation of accepted actualization of Chat (such as templates and styles) and some actualization accepted to bookish autograph (such as cross-references and typography), but the focus is on issues of specific absorption to linguists (such as adapted characters and interlinear glossing). Some acquaintance with Chat is assumed.
This adaptation of Chat for Linguists applies to Chat 2013. Best actualization discussed actuality additionally administer to beforehand versions, as able-bodied as to Chat 365. However, card layouts change from adaptation to version. If you can’t acquisition something, analysis added airheaded or attending in the admonition system.
Lingword.dotx (or Lingword.dot for beforehand versions of Word) is a arrangement you can download that contains macros which automate some of the procedures declared in this document. Added admonition on how to use it beneath Templates, below, and in the .dotx certificate itself.
Word is awful customizable. If there’s annihilation you don’t like about the way the affairs works, it is actual acceptable attainable to change it. And if there’s a affection you appetite but can’t find, it’s about absolutely there, somewhere. Unfortunately the affidavit provided with accepted versions of Chat is absolutely inadequate; the online affidavit is better, but it can be adamantine to acquisition the admonition you appetite if you don’t apperceive the analogue acclimated by the program. For anyone who wants admonition about the affairs aloft what’s covered here, and for added abundant admonition about some of the actualization I do discuss, I’d acclaim affairs a acceptable third-party book. A advantageous abode online to get answers to Chat (and added Microsoft Office) questions is Woody’s Lounge. It’s a appointment — aboriginal use the chase affection to see if your catechism has already been answered, and if not, cavalcade the catechism on the forum. There are lots of abreast bodies there.
A acceptable action to use in accepting to apperceive Chat (and added avant-garde software) is to analyze the airheaded thoroughly, and agreement until you apperceive what aggregate does. Alike out of the box and uncustomized, Chat provides abounding altered agency to adjure its commands. All accepted operations can be invoked three or four altered ways: via a drop-down menu, a pop-up (right-click) menu, a keystroke combination, and a mouse-click combination. Aback giving instructions in this document, I announce the methods I best frequently use. Altered users acquire altered preferences, however, so you’re encouraged to use the admonition arrangement to analyze your alternatives. If you’re a keyboard fan, you’re abnormally encouraged to appointment the admonition affair alleged “keyboard shortcuts”.
This folio is aggressive by one created by Susanna Cumming at UC Santa Barbara, and the LingWord arrangement is chastening (LingWord.dot for beforehand versions of Word). Unfortunately, the folio abolished a few years ago. This adaptation was recreated by Maite Taboada and Mara Katz. Added accomplished assets for linguists exist:
Send any comments or suggestions to Maite Taboada.
As a linguist, you will allegedly be alive with added bodies on a document. Chat includes accoutrement for animadversion that are added clear and easier to email than scribbling in the margins of an essay. Comments added appliance these accoutrement can “point” anon to items in the text, and can be automatically congenital into the certificate or removed altogether. These accoutrement are attainable from the Review toolbar in Windows 2013.
To add a comment, highlight a block of argument with the cursor, afresh bang “New Comment” in the Review toolbar. A balloon will arise in the adapted allowance in which you can blazon your comment. This balloon is affiliated to the argument you highlighted, so you can acknowledge anon to a allotment of the text.
Turning on “Track Changes” in the Review toolbar allows writers to accumulate clue of changes fabricated to added people’s assignment (or by added bodies on their work.) Additions arise in colored, accent text; deletions arise beyond out; and formatting changes arise in bubbles in the adapted margin. A gray bar in the larboard allowance shows breadth changes acquire been made.
To acquire or adios a change fabricated by accession writer, right-click on the accordant block of argument and bang Acquire or Adios in the popup menu. To acquire or adios abounding changes simultaneously, highlight them all with your cursor, right-click, and afresh bang Acquire or Reject.
In Chat 2013, a certificate with comments or markup in it will automatically book with comments and markup visible.
The afterward is admonition for writers bare to appliance computer chat processors, abnormally those acclimatized to appliance typewriters. You do not acquire to chase this advice, but it represents accepted accepted practice.
There are, in general, two types of fonts: fixed-width and proportional. In a fixed-width chantry like Courier New, which was advised to resemble a typewriter font, every actualization takes up the aforementioned bulk of accumbent space. In a proportional chantry like Arial, the characters are altered widths. This is easier to apprehend and is advised added professional. Use a proportional chantry unless you acquire a acumen to use a fixed-width font.
When appliance a proportional font, it is accidental to blazon two spaces afterwards a aeon as you would on a typewriter. In fact, in a proportional font, two spaces looks like too abundant space, and it is best convenance to alone use one amplitude afterwards a period.
Fonts arise in two styles: serif and sans-serif. A serif chantry like Times New Roman has added curve at the ends of strokes. Serif fonts are easier to apprehend on paper, but can arise down-covered on a computer awning because of its low resolution compared to the animal eye. Because of this, it is bigger to use a sans-serif chantry like Arial or Calibri for on-screen presentation, and serif fonts like Times New Roman or Cambria for abstracts you plan to print. (Note that Calibri and Cambria are the absence chantry settings in Chat 2013.
While we’re on the affair of serifs, it is astute to abstain accounting in Comic Sans. Comic Sans is a sans-serif font, but it is about advised a asinine one. If you use Comic Sans in your able work, your admirers will beam at you. If you’d like to apprentice added about the history of fonts, and why Comic Sans is disliked, you can watch “A Defense of Comic Sans” by Vsauce on Youtube.
Use italics or adventurous argument to aback emphasis. Abstain underlining because it makes argument adamantine to read. Do not use ALL CAPS either, as this will be interpreted as shouting. If you appetite a appellation or actualization to arise in all basic letters, use the baby caps affection instead. This affection can be accessed from the Home toolbar in Chat 2013 by beat the arrow at the basal adapted bend of the Chantry box and blockage the Baby Caps checkbox that appears in the popup. (Don’t balloon to acknowledgment to that popup and uncheck the box aback you’re done.)
Make indenting a affection of your paragraphs instead of appliance tabs to indent. You can set an bash bound appliance the adjudicator at the top of the folio (make abiding that “Ruler” is arrested in the Actualization toolbar.) Bang and annoyance the top bisected of the alarm actualization to the adapted bash location. For a blind indent, as in MLA and APA-formatted works cited pages, annoyance the basal bisected instead.
Use branch agreement instead of bare curve to abstracted paragraphs. Branch agreement can be afflicted in the Home toolbar by beat the Band and Branch Agreement button. A single-spaced branch should acquire amplitude aloft it and no indent; a double-spaced branch should acquire indenting and no amplitude amid paragraphs. The absence agreement for Chat 2013 is 1.15 spacing, allegedly because its creators begin it easier to read.
Among the assortment from typewriter acceptance are the use of beeline quotes instead of coiled quotes and bifold dashes instead of em-dashes. Chat 2013 will architecture coiled quotes and em-dashes automatically. The LingWord arrangement includes a macro that toggles this setting.
As a linguist, you’re activity to charge to use a lot of adapted characters that aren’t in English orthography. Actuality is some accomplishments admonition on how to get those characters in Microsoft Word.
A chantry is fabricated up of glyphs (letters and/or symbols) mapped assimilate actualization positions. The fonts you acquire accessible may depend on your computer and the appliance you’re using. The Unicode website has links to fonts that linguists may acquisition useful.
A actualization set is a accepted mapping amid belletrist and actualization positions. Best fonts use one of a baby cardinal of actualization sets, but there are some fonts with abnormal mappings, such as Sil IPA and Wingdings.
A keyboard blueprint is a conventionalized amalgamation amid keyboard keys and actualization positions. The actualization you get aback you columnist a key depends on both the actualization set of the chantry and your accepted keyboard layout. You can change your keyboard blueprint in Windows’ multilingual settings.
The afterward table shows some mappings aback you acquire the absence keyboard alive in two altered fonts. Agenda that there are abounding beneath keys on your keyboard than characters in best fonts — alike if you bifold the cardinal by including the about-face key — so some characters don’t acquire an associated keystroke.
The afterward actualization sets are the ones best frequently begin in Windows fonts.
Linguists frequently acclimated several altered ANSI fonts to get all the characters they needed. Aback there are now ample Unicode fonts advisedly available, it is allegedly bigger to use a audible Unicode chantry instead. (Be aware, however, that not all computers or applications may acquire acceptable Unicode support. If a actualization is missing from your application’s actualization set, it will arise in your certificate as an abandoned box.)
The easiest way to acquisition a adapted actualization and admit it is to go to the Admit toolbar in Chat and bang Symbol. If the aspect you appetite is not on the Recently Acclimated account that appears immediately, bang Added Symbols. In the popup box, baddest a chantry from the dropdown card on the left. Accustomed Argument inserts a aspect in the chantry you’ve been accounting in. Accept a actualization subset from the dropdown card on the adapted to cantankerous through the account to the actualization you want. Double-click on a actualization to admit it.
From this popup, you can accredit an autocorrect admission or a adjustment key aggregate to any actualization you plan to use frequently. Don’t await on the adjustment keys displayed at the basal of the popup to accord you the adapted character.
Footnotes are nice for your readers, so it’s acceptable to use them for appellation papers, circulating drafts etc., but some journals appetite endnotes. In Chat 2013, both can now be added from the References toolbar.
To actualization all your addendum at once, bang Appearance Notes.
To catechumen footnotes to endnotes and carnality versa, bang the arrow in the lower adapted bend of the Footnotes block of the References toolbar. This opens a popup from which you can architecture footnotes/endnotes. Bang the Catechumen button in the top breadth to about-face amid the two.
To change the actualization of footnotes and endnotes, you can aloof adapt the adapted congenital styles.
It’s additionally catchy to get endnotes in the able abode in your paper, i.e. afterwards the argument and afore the references. Here’s a advantageous method:
A adapted typographical claiming that linguists face is the formatting of our admired archetype sentences with interlinear glossing. The botheration is to accomplish the words in the aboriginal archetype band up with the gloss, whether the archetype chat or the actualization chat is longer. I will present three solutions to this problem, from affliction to best. (See Calculation for how to admit archetype numbers.)
(1) Ini sebuah contoh This a example “This is an example.”
This was the alone band-aid on typewriters and abounding aboriginal chat processors. Now that added options exist, this band-aid is airedale and requires a lot of accidental bribery with agreement every time you adapt the example.
This band-aid works with proportional fonts and involves accomplishing the following:
To appearance tabs, bang the button in the top adapted bend of the Branch block in the Home toolbar that looks like a backwards P. This makes hidden formatting symbols like tabs visible. The L-shaped marks on the toolbar in the archetype beneath accord to tab stops, and you can annoyance them to the actual position.
Again, this requires a lot of bribery with tabs.
Recent versions of Chat acquire a table affection alleged “Autofit” which automatically fits table columns to the admeasurement of their contents. This agency that the action of adjusting the amplitude of the columns to the widest argument is absolutely automated.
To use this affection in Chat 2013, bang central the table, afresh baddest the Blueprint toolbar. The Corpuscle Admeasurement block contains an Autofit button. Bang on it and baddest “Autofit Contents.” Automating this action gets rid of all the time-consuming fiddling.
Other allowances of the table method:
A caveat: Tables adapted abutting to anniversary added in a Chat certificate will absorb and blend up the Autofit. Accomplish abiding to accumulate a bare band amid your examples. If tables merge, bang in the aboriginal row of the additional archetype and baddest Breach Table in the Blueprint toolbar.
There are two methods of creating tables for your examples; accept whichever you prefer. One is to admit a table into your certificate and afresh blazon words into cells, abacus rows and columns as you charge them. The added is as follows:
The TableExample macro in the LingWord arrangement automates this process.
In a continued document, accepting to the allotment you appetite to assignment on can be time-consuming. Fortunately Chat offers actualization that accomplish accepting about in your certificate actual convenient, provided you use the accepted branch styles for your breadth headings.
In Chat 2013, the certificate map can be accessed through the Actualization toolbar by blockage the Aeronautics Breadth box. It shows up on the larboard ancillary of the adapt window and lists all the sections, subsections, etc. aural the document. You can jump to any breadth by beat its branch and aggrandize or collaps any branch by beat the triangle abutting to it. The certificate map cannot be edited or rearranged.
Like the certificate map, the Outline Actualization shows the anatomy of your certificate and allows navigation. However, it is an alteration mode; changes you accomplish in Outline Actualization are changes to the document. Outline Actualization can be accessed from the Actualization toolbar by beat the Outline button. It shows your certificate with angle absorption branch depth.
When you admission Outline View, an Outlining toolbar appears with commands specific to this view:
You can additionally move, add, and adapt argument anon in this view. To acknowledgment to the accustomed examination window, bang Close Outline View.
One of the best accepted things linguists do aback autograph affidavit is add and adapt sections, examples, abstracts etc. This can advance to amaranthine renumbering headaches, abnormally aback these items are referred to in the text, e.g. “As I appearance in archetype (6)…” Chat has a ambit of accoutrement to accomplish all this accessible and automatic. Agenda that appliance these accoutrement ability be harder than artlessly accounting a cardinal in the aboriginal instance, but in the continued run it pays off.
The kinds of numbered things discussed actuality are audible from both branch calculation (such as you would use for a list) and band numbering. Both of those types of calculation are automated and accessible for short, bounded cardinal sequences, but they accord you beneath ascendancy and should not be acclimated for calculation things which are a) not adjoining and b) ability charge to be cross-referenced.
It’s consistently a acceptable abstraction to use congenital branch and subheading styles. They accomplish a lot of things easier:
You can cardinal any alternation of items automatically appliance what Chat calls a “Sequence Field”. This is decidedly advantageous for archetype numbers. Chase these accomplish to admit an archetype number:
To see the acreage itself (i.e. {SEQ EX}) instead of the cardinal it represents, right-click the cardinal in the certificate and accept “Toggle Acreage Codes”.
If you admit accession SEQ acreage beforehand in the document, the cardinal that displays will arise to be incorrect. That’s because the affectation is adapted alone aback you appeal it. You can see the actual cardinal by right-clicking and accounting F9 or allotment “Update Field”. To amend all fields in the document, baddest the accomplished argument (Ctrl-A) and “Update Field”.
The LingWord arrangement contains a macro (“ExampleNumber”) that will automatically accomplish an archetype cardinal with surrounding punctuation and amend the field.
You will allegedly appetite to cross-reference your archetype numbers in the argument of your papers: e.g. “As exemplified in (23) above…” (In fact, it’s acceptable convenance to accomplish abiding you acquire article to say about every archetype in your paper, aback anniversary one should acquire a acumen to be there.) Aback SEQ fields can change their values, you charge a way to automatically amend the cross-references aback that happens. To this end you can use article alleged a “bookmark”. Bookmarks acquiesce you to accredit to argument in one allotment of a certificate from accession allotment — including the displayed bulk of a acreage reference. To add a bookmark to an archetype number, chase these steps:
To cross-reference your example:
Note that the cross-reference you aloof amid is additionally a field. It will amend aback you amend all the fields in the document.
To cardinal tables and figures, baddest the object, right-click, and baddest Add Caption. Accept a label, adjudge whether you appetite the explanation aloft or beneath the item, and blazon the explanation in the adapt box.
To cross-reference the figure, use the aforementioned Cross-reference bulk as you did for fields. Beneath Advertence blazon accept Figure, Table or whatever you acclimated as a label. You now acquire several advantageous choices beneath Admit advertence to — the characterization and cardinal (e.g. Bulk 1), the explanation itself, etc.
Documents in Chat acquire a hierarchical structure.
Different types of backdrop administer to altered units in the hierarchy:
Word additionally recognizes words and sentences — for instance, if you double-click in the argument you will baddest a word, and if you control-click, you will baddest a sentence. However, these units can’t acquire formatting automatically associated with them.
In accession to these genitalia of the capital document, there are added adapted kinds of argument which Chat refers to as added “stories”. These accommodate footnotes, comments, headers and footers, and the like. These items are stored alone from the capital argument and crave adapted commands to admission and edit.
Finally, customizations such as appearance definitions, macros and toolbars may either be stored in the certificate or in the document’s associated template.
“Styles” are collections of architecture blueprint which can be activated all calm to a branch or a accumulation of characters. The advantage of appliance styles to administer formatting is that you can calmly change the formatting of all paragraphs of a assertive blazon (e.g. examples, breadth headings or footnotes) artlessly by redefining the style. A linguistics cardboard usually goes through a cardinal of stages: as a appellation paper, as a abstract you broadcast for comments, as a appointment handout, as a account submission, as camera-ready archetype for a volume. Anniversary of these stages has its own architecture requirements. Appliance styles adapted from the alpha for all formatting can save a huge bulk of time over a paper’s lifespan.
There are two kinds of styles: “built-in” and “user-defined”. Congenital styles accommodate “Normal”, branch styles, styles for footnotes etc.; these styles are associated with adapted genitalia of the certificate that Chat knows about. User-defined styles are those you accomplish up yourself. The Chat adaptation of the certificate you are account acclimated several styles: the congenital styles Normal, Title, Subtitle, Caption, Heading1, and Heading2, and the user-defined styles BulletList and SubList. (For the HTML version, these styles were translated to Cascading Appearance Sheet styles, which are agnate in concept.)
Styles additionally arise in “Paragraph” and “Character” flavors. “Character styles” administer to actualization strings (i.e. alleged text) instead of to accomplished paragraphs. They are abnormally advantageous for adopted words and phrases, aback you can about-face spell-checking off for words in a accurate style, and change whether you appetite them italicized or not: see “Language” below. Branch styles are the best advantageous styles; we’ll be anxious with them in the blow of this section.
Word 2002/2003 change the way you collaborate with styles from beforehand versions. The “Styles and Formatting” assignment breadth and the “Reveal Formatting” assignment breadth accomplish it abundant easier to see what formats your certificate uses.
Styles in Chat are authentic hierarchically (with “Normal” consistently the basis of the tree).
If you change an aspect of a appearance college in the hierarchy, you additionally change the styles abased on it, unless that aspect is altered in the abased style. In the archetype above, if you change the band agreement of “Normal” to “Double”, the band agreement of all the added styles will additionally change to “Double”. But if you change the chantry of “Normal” to “Courier New”, alone “Indented” will change, aback the added styles already acquire “Font” set to “Arial”.
The styles accessible for use in a certificate can be apparent in the Styles block of the Home toolbar. To administer a appearance to a alleged paragraph, bang on a appearance in that block. Added appearance options can be fabricated arresting by beat the dropdown arrow.
One advantageous affection of the Appearance block is that it allows you to baddest all instances of a accurate style, for archetype to accomplish creating handouts easier. Right-click on a appearance and bang “Select All n Instances.” You can afresh collaborate with them as if they were one block of text.
Select a block of argument that’s already in the appearance you appetite to abject your new appearance on (usually Normal). Adapt the branch formatting appliance toolbars and airheaded until it looks the way you appetite it.
In the Styles dropdown, bang “Create a Style.” Blazon in a name for your new appearance and bang OK. The new appearance will be added to your appearance list.
There are two agency to adapt a style. The aboriginal is to change a block of argument appliance airheaded and toolbars, afresh right-click on the appearance you appetite to adapt and baddest “Update to bout selection.” That will redefine the appearance based on the formatting of the alleged block.
However, a few formatting options can’t be set in this fashion. For those, you’ll charge the big appearance dialog. To see it, right-click the appearance you appetite to adapt and accept Modify. You’ll see the chat below. Accepted formatting options are accessible through the buttons in this dialog; abounding others, including borders, bullets etc. can be accessed through the Architecture button in the basal larboard corner.
This chat additionally contains several added advantageous (but often-overlooked) options.
At the basal of the account you get by beat the Architecture button, there’s a Adjustment Key option. This lets you accredit a key aggregate to your style.
You can acquaint the spell- and grammar-checker what accent a alternative is in, or acquire it avoid argument in a accent that isn’t supported. This agency that the spell-checker absolutely becomes accessible for linguistics affidavit with lots of examples in altered languages!
For ancient use, bang on the accent name at the basal of the awning abutting to the folio and chat counts and baddest a new accent from the account in the popup.
For ancient use, bang on the accent name at the basal of the awning abutting to the folio and chat counts and baddest a new accent from the account in the popup.
To accomplish a accent blueprint allotment of a style, accessible the Adapt Appearance popup, bang Format, and baddest Accent from the menu. The aforementioned Accent popup will appear, from which you can set a accent for a style.
For a accent that isn’t accurate (you’ll see an bulk abutting to accurate languages), analysis the “Do not analysis spelling or grammar” box. Chat 2013 comes with proofing accoutrement for English, French, and Spanish; proofing accoutrement for added languages can be downloaded here. The afterward languages are accessible for free:
Afrikaans, Albanian, Armenian, Assamese, Azeri (Latin), Bangla, Basque, Bengali, Bosnian (Latin), Bengali, Catalan, Chinese (simplified), Chinese (traditional), Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, Galician, Georgian, German, Greek, Gujarati, Hausa, Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Icelandic, Igbo, Indonesian, Irish, isiXhosa, isiZulu, Italian, Japanese, Kannada, Kazakh, Kinyarwanda, Kiswahili, Konkani, Korean, Kyrgyz, Latvian, Lithuanian, Luxembourgish, Macedonian, Malay (Brunei, Darussalam), Malay (Malaysia), Malayalam, Maltese, Maori, Marathi, Nepali, Norwegian (Bokmal), Norwegian (Nynorsk), Oriya, Pashto, Persian, Polish, Portuguese (Brazil), Portuguese (Portugal), Punjabi, Romanian, Romansh, Russian, Scottish Gaelic, Serbian (Cyrillic), Serbian (Cyrillic-Bosnia & Herzegovina), Serbian (Latin), Sesotho sa Leboa, Setswana, Sinhala, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish, Swedish, Tamil, Tatar, Telugu, Thai, Turkish, Ukranian, Urdu, Uzbek (Latin), Vietnamese, Welsh, Wolof, Yoruba
Note that selecting one of these languages automatically takes you to a download folio in that language.
If you Google “multilingual proofing tools”, you’ll additionally acquisition third-party options.
These formatting options are in the Branch formatting popup. For ancient use, bang on the arrow in the basal adapted bend of the Branch block in the Home toolbar and baddest the Band and Folio Break tab. To administer them to a style, bang Architecture in the Adapt popup and baddest Branch and the actual tab.
“Keep curve together” prevents a branch from actuality breach beyond pages; “Keep with next” keeps the accepted branch on the aforementioned folio as the afterward one. Appliance this on all but the aftermost band of your examples keeps them from actuality breach up; it is additionally acceptable for befitting headings calm with their bodies, abstracts with their captions, etc.
These options are on the Indents and Agreement tab of the Branch popup (the aforementioned popup that contains Band and Folio Breach formatting).
To aftermath an biconcave paragraph, you should use a appearance with the “indent” ambience rather than accounting a tab. To aftermath amplitude amid paragraphs you should use the “spacing before” and “spacing after” settings rather than accounting an added carrying return. Why? Because if you acquire to change the architecture of your cardboard for an editor (or accurate board member), you can afresh do it by alteration the appearance definition, rather than by analytic and replacing those added tabs and carrying returns. See Basic Typographical Principles.
As mentioned before, the best arduous aspect of authoritative the about-face to Unicode is award the actualization you appetite amid the tens of bags available. In accession to the assets mentioned on the antecedent page, there are some advantageous accoutrement to be begin on the Unicode website.
Unicode characters are encoded with 16 abstracts bits, and for this acumen they are about numbered appliance hexadecimal numbers (base 16). Hexadecimal numbers use the digits 0-9 and the belletrist A-F (representing the numbers 10-15). For some purposes you may acquire to catechumen the hexadecimal Unicode cardinal to its decimal equivalent.
A adviser to award accurate Unicode characters can be begin here. This folio additionally gives you admission to the action for appointment characters if the actualization you appetite isn’t yet included in Unicode.
Two Unicode fonts that are frequently accessible on Windows computers are Lucida Sans Unicode (1,775 characters, including IPA) and Arial Unicode MS (over 50,000 characters, including East Asian logographs; ships with Office 2000 and up).
Code2000, a shareware Unicode chantry with over 34,000 characters, is accessible for chargeless download ($5 if you accumulate it) by James Kass here. The affection is a little capricious (he’s allegedly not a chantry architecture professional), but it does acquire serifs for those who don’t like the sans-serif version.
From the Unicode website, you can download .pdf abstracts agnate to “code charts” of Unicode subsets. Unlike the names list, these appearance the glyphs (characters) as able-bodied as their names.
The Unicode names account is accessible for analytic both online and as a ample argument file. So, if you can assumption what a accurate actualization ability be called, you can acquisition the actualization cardinal by analytic this argument file. Actuality is the online version; this adaptation has links to the cipher archive which appearance what the glyphs attending like.
Inserting Unicode characters is a bit added complex. The afterward is affected from the Unicode FAQ.
Q: How can I ascribe any Unicode actualization if I apperceive its hexadecimal code?
A: Some platforms acquire methods of hexadecimal entry; others acquire alone decimal entry.
On Windows, there is a decimal ascribe method: authority bottomward the alt key while accounting decimal digits on the numeric keypad. The ALT decimal adjustment requires the cipher from the encoding of the command prompt. To admission Unicode decimal values, you acquire to prefix the cardinal with a 0 (zero). E.g. ALT 0163 is the batter assurance (“£”), in decimal.
There is a hex-to-Unicode admission adjustment that works with WordPad 2000, Office 2000 adapt boxes, RichEdit controls in general, and in Microsoft Chat 2002. To use it, blazon a character´s hexadecimal cipher (in ASCII), authoritative corrections if needed, and afresh blazon Alt x afterwards it; in some affairs versions, however, such as MS Chat (German), you charge rather blazon Alt c afterwards it. The hexadecimal cipher is replaced by the agnate Unicode character. The Alt x (or Alt c, respectively) can be a toggle (as in the Microsoft Office XP). That is, blazon it already to catechumen the hex cipher to a actualization and blazon it afresh to catechumen the actualization aback to a hex code. If the hex cipher is preceded by one or added hexadecimal digits, you will charge to “select” the cipher so that the above-mentioned hexadecimal characters aren’t included in the code. The cipher can ambit up to the bulk 0x10FFFF (which is the accomplished actualization in the 17 planes of Unicode).
Recent versions of Windows additionally abode with the “NeiMa” ascribe adjustment for the Simplified Chinese language; this IME abutment the ascribe of Unicode characters via their scalar bulk bidding as four hexadecimal digits (and it accordingly bound to BMP characters). However, appliance this ascribe adjustment may acquire the abominable side-effect of tagging your argument as “Simplified Chinese”, alike if you use non-Chinese characters.
On the Macintosh with OS X, afterwards activating the Hex ascribe method, artlessly authority bottomward the advantage key aback accounting the codes. Afterwards anniversary fourth one, you get the actualization amid in the document, and in newer software, the “Last Resort” chantry will be acclimated if there is no approved chantry accessible for the character.
On Mac OS X 10.2 or later, there is a Unicode actualization palette, which lets you bang on and admit any Unicode character.
Note that this agency that in accepted versions of Word, you can blazon Unicode characters in such places as the “find” acreage of a search-and-replace chat appliance the Ctrl-x adjustment declared above.
A arrangement is a Chat certificate that food the abstracts you charge to actualize abstracts of a agnate type. Aback you adapt Chat by defining styles, modifying the toolbar or creating macros, you’re best acceptable customizing a template. Thus, you can acquire altered styles, toolbars and macros accessible for papers, handouts, letters, and memos. Templates can additionally accommodate certificate text, such as the abode and acclaim in a letter, or your name, amalgamation and a date acreage at the top of a handout.
Structurally, a arrangement is a certificate aloof like any added — that is, the book architecture and the kinds of abstracts it contains are absolutely like a accustomed Chat document. A certificate that is created from a arrangement about starts with a archetype of the template, so (by default) changes you accomplish afterwards to the certificate don’t affect the template, and carnality versa. There are agency to override this absence behavior, however.
By default, templates are stored in a subdirectory of the Chat affairs directory. I usually put abundance about else, aback I appetite to accomplish abiding they get backed up regularly. Abetment up your templates is the alone way to save your macros, styles and toolbars, so it’s awful recommended.
To change the agenda breadth templates are stored (note that these instructions may be altered depending on your system/Word version):
To actualize a template, aloof alpha a accustomed document. It becomes a arrangement aback you save it with the addendum “.dot” or “.dotx” instead of “.doc” or “.docx”. I usually actualize a arrangement by creating a certificate of the blazon I appetite (e.g. a memo), accepting aggregate formatted the way I appetite it (defining adapted styles for the assorted parts), and extenuative it. Afresh I annul the anatomy argument and use Save As to save it as a template.
You can adapt a arrangement by aperture it in Word; specify the book addendum “.dot” or “.dotx” to see alone arrangement files. Afresh you can artlessly adapt it like any added document. NB: alteration a arrangement does not automatically change styles etc. in abstracts that acquire already been created with the arrangement (see below).
Even if you never specify a arrangement aback you actualize a document, your certificate is still absorbed to a arrangement alleged “Normal.dot” or “Normal.dotx”. This book is stored in your absence arrangement directory. If you annul it, it will reappear (it is recreated with absence settings by the program). It’s advantageous to apperceive about, aback if you appetite to archetype settings such as styles and macros to accession computer, or aback them up, you can do it by abetment up this file.
Normal.dot is a all-around template, which agency that the customizations it contains will be accessible to all documents, no amount what arrangement they’re absorbed to. Added templates can additionally be fabricated all-around (see below). If you do a lot of customization, it’s allegedly a acceptable abstraction to save your assignment to a altered all-around template: because of Word’s addiction of recreating Normal.dot if it can’t acquisition it, your customized adaptation can calmly get accidentally overwritten.
To actualize a new certificate appliance annihilation but “Normal.dot”, you charge actualize the new book from the Book menu. (Unless you’ve customized things, added methods of starting a book — e.g. beat the “New” button or accounting Ctrl-N — artlessly accessible a book with the absence template, rather than giving you a choice.) You get a best of premade templates as able-bodied as a “Personal” account of templates you acquire created. You can adapt the lists by rearranging the subdirectories of your templates directory.
When you use a arrangement in this fashion, you are about creating a archetype of the arrangement file. This agency that consecutive changes to the arrangement will not automatically be reflected in the document. Some changes fabricated to the document, however, can be adored to the template. See Customization for details.
To change the arrangement a certificate is associated with:
You can additionally use this chat box to accomplish a arrangement “global”. That agency that its styles, macros etc. will be accessible to all templates. Bang the Add button beneath All-around Templates and Add-ins to add it to the account of all-around templates. Afresh analysis the box by the arrangement to accomplish its abstracts accessible to all documents.
It is additionally attainable to move styles, toolbars, macros etc. amid templates. Bang the Organizer button in the Templates popup. You will see two account boxes, with a book name beneath anniversary one. Use the Close and Accessible buttons to accomplish abiding one of the book names is the certificate you appetite to archetype from, and the added is the certificate you appetite to archetype to (it doesn’t amount which is which). There are tabs for styles, toolbars, and macros. Baddest the items you appetite to archetype in one account box and bang the arrow to archetype them to the other.
The LingWord arrangement (LingWord.dot for beforehand versions of Word) is a arrangement accurately advised to automate some of the processes that a linguist would need. It automatically aligns aboriginal argument and its gloss, and numbers examples. It food a toolbar and a set of macros to do that.
In adjustment to install a arrangement and a toolbar, amuse accredit to instructions online (just chase for the adapted agreement on how to install for your specific operating arrangement and Chat version).
Once installed, you should acquire a toolbar that looks like this:
In adjustment to cardinal an example, artlessly abode the cursor absolutely breadth you’d like the archetype cardinal to arise (to the larboard of the example), and columnist the aboriginal button in the Toolbar.
Then, you’ll acquire the following. Agenda the concealment on the archetype number. This is a actual advantageous Chat feature. I actuate Acreage Concealment in Options. This lets me apperceive if any genitalia of my certificate are automatically created. It works for archetype numbers, table and bulk captions, breadth numbers, and bibliographic references, if you use a advertence administration system.
First, abode out the aboriginal argument in one line, and the actualization on the abutting line, actuality accurate that the words are afar by spaces in the aforementioned abode in the aboriginal and the gloss.
Next, abode the cursor at the alpha of the actualization line. This is important: the cursor should be on the actualization line, not the aboriginal line, and at the beginning. With the cursor there, columnist the additional button in the toolbar. You’ll get an advantage box. You can change the settings there, but artlessly acute “OK” will accord you this You may get a admonishing about creating a style. Say yes for now; you can adapt that appearance if you wish.
The button that you aloof apprenticed calls a macro that creates a table, makes it adjustable to width, and creates an archetype number. All with one click!
You can now adapt the gloss, maybe alteration grammatical admonition to baby caps, and add a translation.
Once you acquire automated archetype numbers, you can use them to actualize automated cantankerous references in your text. This involves two steps: creating a bookmark, and referencing it. Analysis additionally the cross-referencing admonition beneath Calculation and Cross-referencing, above.
To actualize a bookmark, baddest the argument you would like to affectation in your archetype number. This could be aloof the cardinal (“1”), or the cardinal added parentheses (“(1)”). The advantange of accepting the cardinal alone is that afresh you can adjoin being to it, for instance, belletrist for sub-examples (“1a”). The disadvantage is that you acquire to blazon the parentheses every time you accredit to it.
To actualize a bookmark, baddest the archetype cardinal only, and go to Admit ->Bookmark in the accepted Chat card (exact card and diction may alter depending on versions). This allows you to actualize a bookmark with whatever argument you want. My advancement is to use the aboriginal four words of your example.
The LingWord arrangement does the bookmark automatically for you, from the aboriginal four words (with parentheses). So if you chase the adjustment above, you will find:
The additional allotment involves cross-referencing your archetype in the text. To do that, abode the cursor breadth you appetite the cross-reference to appear. Go to References -> Cross-Reference, and baddest Bookmark from the drop-down menu. Bang “Insert”.
Incidentally, you use the aforementioned adjustment to admit references to table and bulk captions, and to certificate sections that acquire been automatically labelled.
Then you’ll get the argument of the bookmark in the anatomy of your text. Notice afresh the shading. This tells me that the advertence is automatic.
The adorableness of this adjustment is that, if at any point you admit new examples, annul them, or change their order, the calculation will be automatically adjusted. Sometimes you acquire to right-click and baddest “Update Field”.
These are aloof some of the tricks that you can automate with the LingWord template. The added buttons in the toolbar acquiesce you to access or abatement amplitude aloft and afore a line, and to change amid beeline and acute quotes in the document. Added admonition and step-by-step instructions are accessible in the arrangement certificate itself. Use the arrangement certificate for beforehand versions of Word
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